Table 1 A summary of cooling methods applied to resistive wire-based magnets and their challenges
| Author(s) | Paper Title | Conductor Type | Cooling Mode | Cooling Medium | Closed/Open System | Cooling Type | Challenges/Future work |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gosselin & Bejan [40] | Constructal-theory Network of Conducting Paths for Cooling a Heat Generating Volume | Conduction | High thermal conductivity discs | N/A | Need for liquid cooling at higher field strength | ||
| Tsai et al. [41] | An Open-access, Very-low-field MRI System for Posture-dependent 3He Human Lung Imaging | Square solid copper wire | Convection | Air | Open | Need for liquid cooling at higher field strength | |
| Gardner et al. [42] | Production of a Uniform Magnetic Field by Means of an End-Corrected Solenoid | Copper Ribbons | Convection | Water | Active/Forced | Eddy currents from Aluminum cylinder | |
| Redpath et al. [43] | A Low Field NMR Imager for Clinical Use | Convection | Water | Open | Active/Forced | Use a closed system with recirculation of coolant | |
| Lurie et al. [44] | Design, Construction and Use of a Large-sample Field-cycled PEDRI Imager | Copper sheets | Convection | Water | Active/Forced | Explore cooling in the axial direction | |
| Sciandrone et al. [45] | Compact Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnet: Design and Optimization | Copper tape | Convection | Water | Open | Active/Forced | Closed system with deionized water |
| Grafendorfer et al. [46] | A 0.2 T Homogeneous Resistive Knee Magnet for Remotely Polarized MRI | Solid copper wire | Convection | Water | Closed | Active/Forced | Explore hollow conductors |
| Gilbert et al. [47] | Design of Field-cycled Magnetic Resonance Systems for Small Animal Imaging | Convection | Water | Closed | Active/Forced | Decreased cooling efficiency from indirect contact of coil with coolant | |
| Matter et al. [48] | Rapid Polarizing Field Cycling in Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Square hollow copper | Convection | Water | Active/Forced | Pressure drop and possible corrosion in fluid channel | |
| Alford et al. [49] | Design and Construction of a Prototype High-Power Bo Insert Coil for Field-Cycled Imaging in Superconducting MRI Systems | Square solid copper wire | Convection | Water | Closed | Active/Forced | Direct cooling with deionized water for better cooling efficiency |
| Savukov et al. [50] |
Non-cryogenic Anatomical imaging in Ultra-Low Field Regime: Hand MRI Demonstration | Convection | Air | Open | Need to use forced air cooling when operational current is increased | ||
| Busch [51] | Ultra-low Field MRI of Prostate Cancer using SQUID Detection | Litz wire | Convection | Liquid Nitrogen | Passive | Hotspots were formed | |
| Hollow copper tubes | Water | Active/Forced | Cool between pulses to minimize eddy currents | ||||
| Lips et al. [52] | Magnet Design with High Bo Homogeneity for Fast-Field Cycling NMR Applications | Convection | Perfluoropolyether | Closed | Active/Forced | ||
| Morgan et al. [53] | A Readout Magnet for Prepolarized MRI | Convection | Air | Passive | Need for forced cooling at higher magnetic strengths | ||
| Bidinosti et al. [54] | In Vivo NMR of Hyperpolarized 3He gas in Human Lung at Very Low Magnetic Fields | Solid copper wire | Convection | Air | Passive | Need for forced cooling at higher magnetic strengths | |
| Sousa et al. [55] | Design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fast Field Cycling Air Cored Magnet | Copper bar/wire | Convection | Transformer oil | Closed | Active/Forced | Heating of one end of coil due to direction of cooling. |
| Hilschenz et al. [56] | Remote detected Low-Field MRI using an optically pumped atomic magnetometer combined with a liquid cooled pre-polarization coil | Litz copper wire | Convection | Silicon Oil | Closed | Active/Forced |
Low flowrate Highly viscous coolant |
| Lother et al. [57] | Design of a mobile, homogeneous, and efficient electromagnet with a large field of view for neonatal low-field MRI | Solid copper wire | Convection | Air | Open | Active | Insufficient for higher field strengths |
| Obungoloch [58] | Development of Ultra Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus in Developing Countries | Solid copper wire | Convection | Air | Passive | Need to apply forced cooling with increased currents |