Table 1 Commercial products available as mechanical barriers for different target tissues
| Product | Type of product | Company | Target | FDA/CE approval | Clinical trial(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seprafilm® | Solid barrier, hyaluronate carboxycellulose | Sanofi Genzyme, Massachusetts, USA | Peritoneum, pericardium, tendon | FDA, CE | Yes [49, 50] Yes [64, 65] No |
| Interceed® | Solid barrier, oxidised cellulose | Johnson & Johnson, New Jersey, USA | Peritoneum, endon | FDA, CE | Yes [51] No |
| Adept® | Liquid barrier, 4% icodextrin | Baxter, Illinois, USA | Peritoneum | FDA, CE | Yes [52,53,54] |
| SprayShield™ | Liquid barrier, polyethylene glycol | Covidien-Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA | Peritoneum | CE | Yes [55,56,57] |
| Hyalobarrier® | Gel barrier, autocrosslinked hyaluronic acid | Anika Therapeutics, Bedford, USA | Peritoneum | CE | Yes [58] |
| REPEL-CV® | Solid barrier, ethylene oxide and polylactic acid | Pathfinder Cell Therapy (SyntheMed), Massachusetts, USA | Pericardium | FDA, CE | Yes [61] |
| CardioWrap® | Solid barrier, polylactic acid | MastBiosurgery AG, Zurich, Switzerland | Pericardium | FDA, CE | No |
| COVA™ + CARD | Solid barrier, collagen | Biom’up, Lyon, France | Pericardium | CE | Yes [67] |
| CorMatrix® | Solid barrier, porcine extracellular matrix | CorMatrix, Georgia, USA | Pericardium | FDA, CE | Yes [68] |
| Coseal™ | Gel barrier, polyethylene glycol | Baxter, Illinois, USA | Pericardium | FDA, CE | Yes [72, 73] |
| Gore-Tex® | Solid barrier, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene | Gore & Associates, Delaware, USA | Pericardium | FDA, CE | Yes [74, 75] |
| Hyaloglide® | Gel barrier, autocrosslinked hyaluronic acid | Anika Therapeutics, Bedford, USA | Tendon | CE | Yes [78] |
| Adcon®Gel | Gel barrier, porcine gelatine and carbohydrate polymer | Bioscompass, Minnesota, USA | Tendon | CE | No |
| Tenoglide® | Solid barrier, collagen-GAG | Integra lifescience, New Jersey, USA | Tendon | FDA | No |
| DegraPol® | Solid barrier, polyester-urethane | DegraPol®, Lainate, Italy | Tendon | – | No |